Psychological Human Behavior essays

Mental Human Behavior expositions Brain science is the significant point of view for human instinct. It is a lot of significant for the individual condition. Brain science is a lot of a result of the Western custom. While another brain research of the year 2000 contains both the eastern just as the Western custom (Frey, 04/06). Clinician self-idea mentalities. Its identified with Psyche implies call a people self ideas it incorporates what an individual sees from the people the incorporate piece of human psyche movement associated with those with substantial ideas. It anyway reflects genuine connection with the psyche body idea. Perspectives AND SOCIAL COGNITION tends to those areas of social conduct in which insight assumes a significant job, including the interface of perception with clear conduct, influence, and inspiration. (Primis, 119). Significant viewpoints in Now, whats the idea of analysis is likewise a brain research now incorporates therapy, humanism and sociobiology. important point of view. As a treatment, therapy depends on perception that people are frequently uninformed of a significant number of the variables that decide their feelings and conduct. (Frey, 04/06). It is, what's more, a strategy for finding out about the psyche, and furthermore a hypothesis, a method of understanding the procedures of ordinary regular mental working and the phases of typical advancement from outset to mature age. (psychology.com). Moreover, since analysis looks to clarify how the human brain functions, it contributes understanding into whatever the human brain produces.(apa.org) Sigmund Freud was the principal psychoanalyst. A large number of his bits of knowledge into the human brain, which appeared to be so progressive when the new century rolled over, are presently generally acknowledged by most schools of mental thought. Despite the fact that others previously and during his time had started to perceive the job of oblivious mental understanding its significance. In spite of the fact that his thoughts met with enmity and opposition, Freud accepted ... <!

Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obsc

Trading off Female Characters in Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscureâ â The books of Thomas Hardy are unpredictable and confused works whose plots appear to be totally arranged before the primary word is ever really shaped on paper. Despite the fact that I have no evidence of Hardy’s technique for composing, plainly he concentrates more on plot advancement than portrayal in the books Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. The benefits of this can be effortlessly found in the smart exciting bends in the road that happen in the novel which hold the reader’s intrigue. Be that as it may, the primary explanation Hardy uses this technique, particularly in the disasters Tess and Jude, is to introduce an ethical contention to the peruser through activities done by and to the fundamental characters of the books. By mapping out the defining moments early, Hardy can control the course of his works, and they rise as a social analysis. In any case, in doing this, the characters are sentenced to an artistic des tiny. Strong focuses more on constraining the characters to complete these activities than permitting their characters to turn out to be completely and unreservedly created. Females perform the vast majority of the important however far-fetched activities, and Hardy accuses any whimsical conduct for woman’s common irregularity. Therefore, in going after a high artistic reason Hardy incidentally stunts the improvement of the principle female characters.â Jude the Obscure is intended to show the deficiencies and repercussions of strict and social shows, with an accentuation on marriage. As indicated by Hardy, fleeting motivations cause individuals to wed, which ties couples together until their demises. At the point when these sentiments of warmth blur, they should live respectively I... ...nally draw the consideration of a man she wants to be with, he transforms her character into a bother. She starts to be viewed as a comic character and less regard is given to her. She is simply one more female character used to make the hardware of Hardy's books capacity, and takes on a progressively mechanical and cliché face as a result.â Tough's expectations are respectable. He attempts to show the explanations behind giving progressively social opportunity to everybody, females specifically, however bargains their characters all the while. The books would profit by a long shot if there was a progressively unconstrained air and the characters were permitted free rule to create unhindered, yet the books could bring about the loss of such incredible good messages. Thus, changing the characters could jeopardize the books' significance ever, however would improve the general understanding experience.

Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations

Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Discipline: International Relations Course Name: IR Theory Assignment Subject: Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Level: Graduate Referencing Style: MLA Word Count: 1,567 A productive assumption informing much of international relations theory and foreign policy analysis since the 1950s has been the pursuit of rationality by utility maximizing actors. While rationalism has provided a ‘policy-relevant’ means of not only interpreting the endless complexity of international politics, but also predicting likely future behaviour â€" it is increasingly questionable whether such assumptions are adequate. Academics interested in the foreign-policy psychology have questioned the presumed rationality of policy actors while interrogating the intersections of various levels of analysis â€" for example, the individual, the state and the system writ large. This paper examines one aspect of this interrogation: the study of emotion. In conducting this analysis, this paper will argue that the discipline requires a greater appreciation of the links between mind and body, and between emotion and rationality. Indeed, the discipline of international relations is argua bly well-situated to question whether reason and emotion truly exist in opposition at all. The relationship between affect (embodied impetus to act) and emotion has a long history in sociology and neuroscience, and while this paper cannot hope to do justice to the nuances and breadth of these analyses, it can touch on some central arguments that might be engaged productively in the study of international relations and foreign policy. The affective systems in the brain are functionally linked to the cognitive processes often framed as the solitary seat of reason; these functional links are intrinsic to our capacity to manifest rationality. This insight undermines rationalist approaches that not only presume a non-emotive rationality, but also assume that such a rationality is desirable. Emotion from this standpoint does not stand in opposition to rationality, but is actually a condition of its existence (see Mercer 2005). Given the willingness of individuals â€" consider suicide bombing â€" to kill themselves for an ideal (whatever that ideal may be), a central question of international relations should be whether rationalism and utility maximization can adequately capture the psychological and social motives behind such forms of political agency. By treating emotion as a functionally necessary component of rationality, it may be possible to better analyze emotional dynamics that are inherent in human commitments to socially constructed structures such as the state, or political parties. If our ability to act rationally is linked to emotion, then rationality itself must be linked to identities and the social structures they often embody. Therefore, by taking emotion seriously as a productive and necessary part of our capacity to understand and act in the world, we gain potential insight into identity formation, and how differing social dynamics at different levels of analysis may lead to different claims about what is normal and rational in the study and practice of international politics. Treating reason and emotion in opposition to one another has a history in Western thought stretching back to Plato and Aristotle (Damasio 1994: 170-171). This conflictual relation between the two phenomena is reflected in contemporary scholarship in the presupposition that reason’s role is to tame, or eliminate emotion from influencing rational deliberation; non-emotive reasoning is therefore considered essential to rational assessment (2000: 222-223; see also Marcus 2003: 183; Elster 1999: 55-76). More specifically, this assumption regarding reason’s primacy over emotion is reflected in international relations and foreign policy analysis via the assumption that it is a pre-condition to optimal political judgement in decision-making contexts; severing emotion from reason in decision-making rationality is considered necessary to efficiently linking means to ends (Marcus 2003: 185). It is evident therefore that any definition of emotion will fail to be satisfying to every scholar. Epistemic commitments, disciplinary considerations, and specific methodologies will undermine the appeal of emotion for certain bodies of scholarship (see Crawford 2000; Fineman 2004). Rose McDermott defines emotion as the following: “Emotion is one of a large set of differentiated biologically based complex conditions that are about something” (2004a, 692). This definition has the advantage offering multiple possible means of deploying the concept of emotion to the study of politics. Academics can assert emotion’s physiological dynamics, its aspects that are socially constructed, or some combination of both. Biologically, emotions are generated by changes in relevant body systems â€" the musculo-skeletal, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the neurotransmitter and neuroactive peptide systems â€" whose interaction mobilizes and disposes humans to act in particular ways (see McDermott 2004a; Turner 2007: 2). Here, emotions are complex physiological responses to stimuli (external or internal). Emotions are activated via affective systems in the brain processing information and recognizing significance; this recognition produces an automatic behavioural response that contextualizes and informs subsequent cognitive processing. Emotions can also be understood as socially constructed. In this approach, emotions are produced, defined and re-iterated via socialization. Emotions here are shaped by cultural context (Crawford 2000: 128; Fattah Fierke 2009: 69-70). A key argument from this perspective is that the because the beliefs, judgments and desires characteristic of emotion are ultimately contingent, they will vary depending upon social context. Furthermore, cultural contextualization of emotion acts to restrain certain behaviours, while endorsing other cultural values. Therefore, when speaking of a specific emotion such as shame, the substance or meaning of the emotion will have differing understandings depending upon time and place (Cohen Kitayama 2007: 847-850). Moreover, even if one makes the assumption that emotions are universal and unvarying, the subjects and objects to which these emotions are related will be contingent. As Khaled Fattah and K.M. Fierke argue: “… emotions [are] socially meanin gful expressions, which depend on shared customs, uses and institutions … The central question is how experiences are given emotional meaning and how this meaning legitimizes certain forms of action, and thereby shapes future interactions” (2009: 70). A final take on the study of emotion in international relations can be utilized that subdivides emotion into emotions and feelings. Here emotion represents the physiologically derived capacity to emote, and feelings the socially constructed aspect of the concept (Damasio 1994). The value in adopting this method is that emotion is viewed as a biologically innate and universal aspect of human thought, and that its arousal is context specific depending upon the subjectivity of the individual and the contexts and experiences that shaped that subjectivity (see Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D. Damasio, A. R. 1997). Regarding the relation between affect and cognition, Andrew Ross argues: This work lends itself to more open-ended applications and is attentive to the complex mixing of biological and social processes. These sources thus offer constructivists not irrefutable evidence but contestable insights into biological dimensions of social processes. These insights might be used to formulate non-deterministic, historically informed inferences about the role of affect in political life (2006: 204). Emotion is therefore a potentially productive means of linking the material and the social, and in so-doing provides a novel means of better understanding the identity-based dispositions of decisionmakers. Where emotions were once understood as “unimportant outcomes of ‘cold’ cognitive processes, lacking adaptive value at best or constituting maladaptive functioning at worst … it is now clear that emotions are useful as organizational constructs, lending clarity to the relationship between various aspects of situations and an organism’s responses to those situations” (1984: 256). The ontogenetic process of identity formation in all humans is therefore linked to this emotional/cognitive evolution; as we pass through life context and bodily response form mental shortcuts for later assessments of what feels positive or negative about a given context or phenomena (McDermott 2004b: 163). Emotions are therefore central elements in human’s adaptation to social contexts â€" t hey are functionally vital to any capacity for rationality in decision-making. In neuroscientific studies, the affective components of emotion have been found to precede cognitive deliberation. In this way emotions have been found to autonomically simplify cognitively complex situations to produce a more manageable array of choices for decisionmakers. Yet these conscious and unconscious emotional dynamics are also necessary for our social functioning. Jonathan Mercer notes that “People without emotion may know they should be ethical, and may know they should be influenced by norms, and may know that they should not make disastrous financial decisions, but this knowledge is abstract and inert and does not weigh on their decisions (Mercer 2005: 93). Mercer’s argument is that emotion is vital for an actor to relate to social structures; lacking emotionality, actors find themselves socially incapable of functioning appropriately. The study of foreign policy has stressed the failure policymakers to achieve optimal rationality; rationality here being understood as contextualized by “simplified subjective representations of reality” (Tetlock McGuire 2005: 485). The beliefs and expectations that are evident in decision-making have been found to be significantly shaped by a priori assumptions; that is, as Robert Jervis argues, “… actors tend to perceive what they expect” (2005: 463). Thus, cognitivists argue that familiarity a given social context shapes how a given agent is likely to perceive others (Jervis 2005: 471). In conclusion, it is obvious that the above approaches fixate upon errors in judgement, with emotionality contributing solely to these errors. It is also evident that treating emotion as potentially productive and invariably unavoidable to the study of politics and international relations can provide new interpretations and expectations regarding the human capacity for change, how we are enculturated to feel intensely about abstract concepts, and ultimately why social constructs such as the state or ‘nation’ are capable of motivating individuals to obscene acts of violence including a willingness to sacrifice one’s own life in their name. Works Cited: Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D.; Damasio, A. R. “Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy.” Science, 275.5304 (1997): 1293-1294. Blight, James G. The Shattered Crystal Ball New York: Rowan Littlefield, 1990. Blight, James G. Brenner, Philip. Sad and Luminous Days: Cuba’s Struggle with the Superpowers and the Missile Crisis. New York: Rowan Littlefield, 2002. Campos, Joseph J. Barrett, Karen C. “Toward a New Understanding of Emotions and their Development.” in Carroll E. Izard, Jerome Kagan Robert E. Zajonc (eds.), Emotions, Cognition and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Cassino, Dan Lodge, Milton. “The Primacy of Affect in Political Evaluations” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Cohen, Dov Kityayama, Shinobu. “Cultural Psychology: This Stanza and the Next.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Gulford Press, 2007. Crawford, Neta. “The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships,” International Security 24 (2000): 116-156. Damasio, Antonio R. Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain New York: G.P. Putnam, 1994. Elster, Jon. Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Fattah, Khaled Fierke, K.M. “A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East.” European Journal of Political Science. 15.1 (2009): 67â€"93 Faizullaev, Alisher. “Diplomacy and Self.” Diplomacy and Statecraft, 17 (2006): 497â€"522. Fineman, Stephan. “Getting the Measure of Emotion â€" and the Cautionary Tale of Emotional Iintelligence.” Human Relations. 57.6(2004): 719-740. Houghton, David Patrick. Political Psychology. New York: Routledge, 2008 Houghton, David Patrick. “Analogical Reasoning, Neuroscience, and Emotion: Toward a Hot Cognitive Approach.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting February, 2009. Marcus, G.E. “Emotion in Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 2000 3: 221-250. Marcus, G.E. “The Psychology of Emotion and Politics.” in David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (eds.) Oxford Handbook of political psychology, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. McDermott, Rose. “The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science.” Perspectives on Politics. 4 (2004): 691-706. McDermott, Rose. Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. Mercer, Jonathan. “Rationality and Psychology in International Politics.” International Organization 1 (2005): 77-106. Mercer, Jonathan. “Human Nature and the First Image: Emotion in International Politics.” Journal of International Relations and Development. 2006 9: 288-303. Mesquita, Batja; Leu, Janxin. “The Cultural Psychology of Emotion.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Guilford Press, 2007. Neuman, W. Russell; Marcus, George E.; Cringler, Ann Mackuen, Michael. “Theorizing Affects Effects.” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007 Ross, Andrew A. “Coming in from the Cold: Constructivism and Emotions,” European Journal of International Relations 12 (2006): 197-222. Rittberger, Volker. Approaches to the Study of Foreign Policy Derived from International Relations Theory.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting, March 2002. Stein, Janice Gross. “Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat.” Political Psychology, 2 (1988): 245-271. Tetlock, Philip McGuire, Charles. “Cognitive Perspectives on Foreign Policy,” in John Ikenberry, ed., American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays, New York: Longman, 2005: 484-500. Voss, James F. Dorsey, Ellen. “Perception and International Relations: An Overview.” in Eric Singer Valerie Hudson (eds.), Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1992. Weber, Cynthia. Faking It: U. S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic era. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Zajonc, Robert B. “On the Primacy of Affect.” American Psychologist.” 1984 39.2 (1984): 117â€"23. Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Discipline: International Relations Course Name: IR Theory Assignment Subject: Theorizing Emotion and Affect in International Relations Academic Level: Graduate Referencing Style: MLA Word Count: 1,567 A productive assumption informing much of international relations theory and foreign policy analysis since the 1950s has been the pursuit of rationality by utility maximizing actors. While rationalism has provided a ‘policy-relevant’ means of not only interpreting the endless complexity of international politics, but also predicting likely future behaviour â€" it is increasingly questionable whether such assumptions are adequate. Academics interested in the foreign-policy psychology have questioned the presumed rationality of policy actors while interrogating the intersections of various levels of analysis â€" for example, the individual, the state and the system writ large. This paper examines one aspect of this interrogation: the study of emotion. In conducting this analysis, this paper will argue that the discipline requires a greater appreciation of the links between mind and body, and between emotion and rationality. Indeed, the discipline of international relations is argua bly well-situated to question whether reason and emotion truly exist in opposition at all. The relationship between affect (embodied impetus to act) and emotion has a long history in sociology and neuroscience, and while this paper cannot hope to do justice to the nuances and breadth of these analyses, it can touch on some central arguments that might be engaged productively in the study of international relations and foreign policy. The affective systems in the brain are functionally linked to the cognitive processes often framed as the solitary seat of reason; these functional links are intrinsic to our capacity to manifest rationality. This insight undermines rationalist approaches that not only presume a non-emotive rationality, but also assume that such a rationality is desirable. Emotion from this standpoint does not stand in opposition to rationality, but is actually a condition of its existence (see Mercer 2005). Given the willingness of individuals â€" consider suicide bombing â€" to kill themselves for an ideal (whatever that ideal may be), a central question of international relations should be whether rationalism and utility maximization can adequately capture the psychological and social motives behind such forms of political agency. By treating emotion as a functionally necessary component of rationality, it may be possible to better analyze emotional dynamics that are inherent in human commitments to socially constructed structures such as the state, or political parties. If our ability to act rationally is linked to emotion, then rationality itself must be linked to identities and the social structures they often embody. Therefore, by taking emotion seriously as a productive and necessary part of our capacity to understand and act in the world, we gain potential insight into identity formation, and how differing social dynamics at different levels of analysis may lead to different claims about what is normal and rational in the study and practice of international politics. Treating reason and emotion in opposition to one another has a history in Western thought stretching back to Plato and Aristotle (Damasio 1994: 170-171). This conflictual relation between the two phenomena is reflected in contemporary scholarship in the presupposition that reason’s role is to tame, or eliminate emotion from influencing rational deliberation; non-emotive reasoning is therefore considered essential to rational assessment (2000: 222-223; see also Marcus 2003: 183; Elster 1999: 55-76). More specifically, this assumption regarding reason’s primacy over emotion is reflected in international relations and foreign policy analysis via the assumption that it is a pre-condition to optimal political judgement in decision-making contexts; severing emotion from reason in decision-making rationality is considered necessary to efficiently linking means to ends (Marcus 2003: 185). It is evident therefore that any definition of emotion will fail to be satisfying to every scholar. Epistemic commitments, disciplinary considerations, and specific methodologies will undermine the appeal of emotion for certain bodies of scholarship (see Crawford 2000; Fineman 2004). Rose McDermott defines emotion as the following: “Emotion is one of a large set of differentiated biologically based complex conditions that are about something” (2004a, 692). This definition has the advantage offering multiple possible means of deploying the concept of emotion to the study of politics. Academics can assert emotion’s physiological dynamics, its aspects that are socially constructed, or some combination of both. Biologically, emotions are generated by changes in relevant body systems â€" the musculo-skeletal, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the neurotransmitter and neuroactive peptide systems â€" whose interaction mobilizes and disposes humans to act in particular ways (see McDermott 2004a; Turner 2007: 2). Here, emotions are complex physiological responses to stimuli (external or internal). Emotions are activated via affective systems in the brain processing information and recognizing significance; this recognition produces an automatic behavioural response that contextualizes and informs subsequent cognitive processing. Emotions can also be understood as socially constructed. In this approach, emotions are produced, defined and re-iterated via socialization. Emotions here are shaped by cultural context (Crawford 2000: 128; Fattah Fierke 2009: 69-70). A key argument from this perspective is that the because the beliefs, judgments and desires characteristic of emotion are ultimately contingent, they will vary depending upon social context. Furthermore, cultural contextualization of emotion acts to restrain certain behaviours, while endorsing other cultural values. Therefore, when speaking of a specific emotion such as shame, the substance or meaning of the emotion will have differing understandings depending upon time and place (Cohen Kitayama 2007: 847-850). Moreover, even if one makes the assumption that emotions are universal and unvarying, the subjects and objects to which these emotions are related will be contingent. As Khaled Fattah and K.M. Fierke argue: “… emotions [are] socially meanin gful expressions, which depend on shared customs, uses and institutions … The central question is how experiences are given emotional meaning and how this meaning legitimizes certain forms of action, and thereby shapes future interactions” (2009: 70). A final take on the study of emotion in international relations can be utilized that subdivides emotion into emotions and feelings. Here emotion represents the physiologically derived capacity to emote, and feelings the socially constructed aspect of the concept (Damasio 1994). The value in adopting this method is that emotion is viewed as a biologically innate and universal aspect of human thought, and that its arousal is context specific depending upon the subjectivity of the individual and the contexts and experiences that shaped that subjectivity (see Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D. Damasio, A. R. 1997). Regarding the relation between affect and cognition, Andrew Ross argues: This work lends itself to more open-ended applications and is attentive to the complex mixing of biological and social processes. These sources thus offer constructivists not irrefutable evidence but contestable insights into biological dimensions of social processes. These insights might be used to formulate non-deterministic, historically informed inferences about the role of affect in political life (2006: 204). Emotion is therefore a potentially productive means of linking the material and the social, and in so-doing provides a novel means of better understanding the identity-based dispositions of decisionmakers. Where emotions were once understood as “unimportant outcomes of ‘cold’ cognitive processes, lacking adaptive value at best or constituting maladaptive functioning at worst … it is now clear that emotions are useful as organizational constructs, lending clarity to the relationship between various aspects of situations and an organism’s responses to those situations” (1984: 256). The ontogenetic process of identity formation in all humans is therefore linked to this emotional/cognitive evolution; as we pass through life context and bodily response form mental shortcuts for later assessments of what feels positive or negative about a given context or phenomena (McDermott 2004b: 163). Emotions are therefore central elements in human’s adaptation to social contexts â€" t hey are functionally vital to any capacity for rationality in decision-making. In neuroscientific studies, the affective components of emotion have been found to precede cognitive deliberation. In this way emotions have been found to autonomically simplify cognitively complex situations to produce a more manageable array of choices for decisionmakers. Yet these conscious and unconscious emotional dynamics are also necessary for our social functioning. Jonathan Mercer notes that “People without emotion may know they should be ethical, and may know they should be influenced by norms, and may know that they should not make disastrous financial decisions, but this knowledge is abstract and inert and does not weigh on their decisions (Mercer 2005: 93). Mercer’s argument is that emotion is vital for an actor to relate to social structures; lacking emotionality, actors find themselves socially incapable of functioning appropriately. The study of foreign policy has stressed the failure policymakers to achieve optimal rationality; rationality here being understood as contextualized by “simplified subjective representations of reality” (Tetlock McGuire 2005: 485). The beliefs and expectations that are evident in decision-making have been found to be significantly shaped by a priori assumptions; that is, as Robert Jervis argues, “… actors tend to perceive what they expect” (2005: 463). Thus, cognitivists argue that familiarity a given social context shapes how a given agent is likely to perceive others (Jervis 2005: 471). In conclusion, it is obvious that the above approaches fixate upon errors in judgement, with emotionality contributing solely to these errors. It is also evident that treating emotion as potentially productive and invariably unavoidable to the study of politics and international relations can provide new interpretations and expectations regarding the human capacity for change, how we are enculturated to feel intensely about abstract concepts, and ultimately why social constructs such as the state or ‘nation’ are capable of motivating individuals to obscene acts of violence including a willingness to sacrifice one’s own life in their name. Works Cited: Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D.; Damasio, A. R. “Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy.” Science, 275.5304 (1997): 1293-1294. Blight, James G. The Shattered Crystal Ball New York: Rowan Littlefield, 1990. Blight, James G. Brenner, Philip. Sad and Luminous Days: Cuba’s Struggle with the Superpowers and the Missile Crisis. New York: Rowan Littlefield, 2002. Campos, Joseph J. Barrett, Karen C. “Toward a New Understanding of Emotions and their Development.” in Carroll E. Izard, Jerome Kagan Robert E. Zajonc (eds.), Emotions, Cognition and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Cassino, Dan Lodge, Milton. “The Primacy of Affect in Political Evaluations” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Cohen, Dov Kityayama, Shinobu. “Cultural Psychology: This Stanza and the Next.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Gulford Press, 2007. Crawford, Neta. “The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships,” International Security 24 (2000): 116-156. Damasio, Antonio R. Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain New York: G.P. Putnam, 1994. Elster, Jon. Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Fattah, Khaled Fierke, K.M. “A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East.” European Journal of Political Science. 15.1 (2009): 67â€"93 Faizullaev, Alisher. “Diplomacy and Self.” Diplomacy and Statecraft, 17 (2006): 497â€"522. Fineman, Stephan. “Getting the Measure of Emotion â€" and the Cautionary Tale of Emotional Iintelligence.” Human Relations. 57.6(2004): 719-740. Houghton, David Patrick. Political Psychology. New York: Routledge, 2008 Houghton, David Patrick. “Analogical Reasoning, Neuroscience, and Emotion: Toward a Hot Cognitive Approach.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting February, 2009. Marcus, G.E. “Emotion in Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 2000 3: 221-250. Marcus, G.E. “The Psychology of Emotion and Politics.” in David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (eds.) Oxford Handbook of political psychology, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. McDermott, Rose. “The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science.” Perspectives on Politics. 4 (2004): 691-706. McDermott, Rose. Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. Mercer, Jonathan. “Rationality and Psychology in International Politics.” International Organization 1 (2005): 77-106. Mercer, Jonathan. “Human Nature and the First Image: Emotion in International Politics.” Journal of International Relations and Development. 2006 9: 288-303. Mesquita, Batja; Leu, Janxin. “The Cultural Psychology of Emotion.” in Shinobu Kitayama Dov Cohen (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology. New York: The Guilford Press, 2007. Neuman, W. Russell; Marcus, George E.; Cringler, Ann Mackuen, Michael. “Theorizing Affects Effects.” in W. Russell Neuman, George E. Marcus, Ann N. Cringler Michael Mackuen (eds.) The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007 Ross, Andrew A. “Coming in from the Cold: Constructivism and Emotions,” European Journal of International Relations 12 (2006): 197-222. Rittberger, Volker. Approaches to the Study of Foreign Policy Derived from International Relations Theory.” Paper presented to ISA annual meeting, March 2002. Stein, Janice Gross. “Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat.” Political Psychology, 2 (1988): 245-271. Tetlock, Philip McGuire, Charles. “Cognitive Perspectives on Foreign Policy,” in John Ikenberry, ed., American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays, New York: Longman, 2005: 484-500. Voss, James F. Dorsey, Ellen. “Perception and International Relations: An Overview.” in Eric Singer Valerie Hudson (eds.), Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1992. Weber, Cynthia. Faking It: U. S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic era. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Zajonc, Robert B. “On the Primacy of Affect.” American Psychologist.” 1984 39.2 (1984): 117â€"23.

The Treaty of Tordesillas

Just months after  Christopher Columbus  returned to Europe from his maiden voyage to the New World, the Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI gave Spain a head-start in the quest for domination over newly discovered regions of the world. The Lands of Spain The Pope decreed that all lands discovered west of a meridian 100 leagues (one league is 3 miles or 4.8 km) west of the Cape Verde Islands should belong to  Spain  while new lands discovered east of that line would belong to  Portugal. This papal bull also specified that all lands already under the control of a Christian prince would remain under that same control.​ Negotiating to Move the Line to the West This limiting line made Portugal angry. King John II (the nephew of  Prince Henry the Navigator) negotiated with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to move the line to the west. King Johns rationale to Ferdinand and Isabella was that the Popes line extends all around the globe, thus limiting Spanish influence in Asia. The New Line On June 7, 1494, Spain and Portugal met at Tordesillas, Spain and signed a treaty to move the line 270 leagues west, to 370 leagues west of  Cape Verde. This new line (located at approximately 46 ° 37) gave Portugal more claim to South America yet also provided Portugal with automatic control over most of the Indian Ocean. Treaty of Tordesillas Accurately Determined While it would be several hundred years before the line of the Treaty of Tordesillas could be accurately determined (due to problems determining longitude), Portugal and Spain kept to their sides of the line quite well. Portugal ended up colonizing places like Brazil in South America and India and  Macau  in Asia. Brazils Portuguese-speaking population is a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas. Portugal and Spain ignored an order from the Pope in enacting their treaty, but all was reconciled when Pope Julius II agreed to the change in 1506.

Teenagers Are Suffering With Multiple Eating Disorders

In America, many teenagers are suffering with multiple eating disorders. Once they begin to monitor what to eat, they tend to perform many exercise routines followed by the lack of not eating, these situations should be alarming to the parent that something is not right. Thus, what can we do to resolve this situation among teens? Parents should first become informed towards the issue which their child is facing and take action immediately to save their child from the dangerous activities. It is important for them to realize that their child is in great danger once they begin to do any of these tasks. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are psychological problems which mostly affect teenagers and causes them to become conscious about their†¦show more content†¦There are multiple types of eating disorders besides Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, such as binge eating disorder, purging disorder, and night eating syndrome. Atypical Anorexia nervosa as is it most commonly kn own is having a weight that is extremely below the recommended weight. As a result, many of the people who are classified under this eating disorder starve themselves, so that their body can become thin. In some situations, they starve themselves so much that it can at times become fatal. According to the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, approximately 1 % of the adolescent girls will develop this eating disorder and about 20 % of the people struggling with this eating disorder will die prematurely from complications such as, heart problems or suicide (Miller, 2013, para 2). Bulimia Nervosa occurs when the person has an insanity for overeating too much in short periods and this is then followed by binge eating or purging. The main cause for Bulimia is when the patient has a distorted image of themselves and they see something different from what they really look like. Bulimia Nervosa can be categorized as overeating, fasting, or purging. According to the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, th ey say that 3 % of young women will develop Bulimia nervosa. The source also says that about 50 % of the people who had Anorexia will most likly develop Bulimia or Bulimic patterns later on in their life (Miller,

What does china has an ageing population Free Essays

China, the second larges country in the world, is facing a serious problem — ageing population. Before 1979, when Mao was the chairman of China, he persuaded women to have lots of babies in order to finish his plan – the Great Leap Forward. This is the start of the ageing population in China. We will write a custom essay sample on What does china has an ageing population? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In January 1958, Mao launched the second five year plan known as the Great Leap Forward. 1Mao wanted China to become a world power. He wanted to catch up with the west by ending Chinese dependence upon agriculture. His aim was to catch up with UK in the industry products in ten years time and with America in 15 years time. In order to do this, he will need lots of peasants but many of them die during this progress. This is why Mao encouraged women to have lots of children. In the DTM, the birth rate at stage 2 and 3 are both very high and this is due to requirement of Mao. China’s population base increased â€Å"only† by another 100,000,000 on top of its 432,000,000 base.2 The magnitude of China total population increase so much that even the People’s Republic of China found it hard to support. This is when One Child Policy (ICP) came in to control the over growing population. ICP is the birth control policy of the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)3. When Deng Xiao Ping took over the power at 1978, he realized the overpopulation is a roadblock to economic development and also the death rate will increase due to the lack of food and water, then he came out with the ICP idea. In general, this policy is very successful because the birth rate has been reduced gradually starting at the middle of stage 3 in the DTM. The 1982 fertility survey shows the total fertility rate falling from around 6.0in the mid-1950s to well below 4.0in 19614. However, ICP leads to some other problem such as the ageing population. Since the ICP is introduced, the population has successfully decreased. However, the infant mortality increases at the same time. This is because as a Chinese tradition, the boys carry the family name but now, the families are only allow to have one child therefore the chance of having a boy is less then before. Because of this, some families may choose to kill the baby if it’s a girl in order to carry the family name. This is not the only effect of ICP, since most families choose to have a boy rather than a girl, there will be more males than female in the future. The difference will also increase as the time pass by. As years go by, the medical care develops a lot in China therefore the life expectancy increase at the same time. Since the birth rate was so high is 1960s but then decrease so much when ICP is introduced, there are depend people then independent people. This slows down the economic development of China. When there are more dependent then the government will need to pay more than it earns. Since the dependent people can not earn their own living, the government will have to give them money and because the numbers of dependent people are so many, the money that was given to the dependents is more than the money China earns. The birth rate keeps dropping in China is due to one other main reason – as most of the people are now educated, they understand that if you want to raise up your children as best as you can, one child is more than enough. Also, the cost of having two children is normally too expensive for lower or middle classes. The time that is taken to look after them is too much if both parents are working. These are the main reasons why most of the parents choose not to have more than one child. In conclusion, China has an ageing population a problem is because the birth rate was really high when Mao was the chairman but then it decreases so much that ICP was introduced. The differences between that get worse and develop as the ageing population. Because of this problem, the economic developments is held back since the input and output is not balance due to part of the income is given to those dependent people. The death rate will increase dramatically when the dependent people die. This will affects reputation of China too. How to cite What does china has an ageing population?, Papers

Pressures of Society on Celebrities Essay Example

Pressures of Society on Celebrities Paper Synthesis Essay: Pressures of Society My topic focuses on societal pressures on celebrities and people. While research may confirm that both celebrities and people have the same problems, you cant help but notice that celebrities are more Judged. This is a highly controversial topic because we are so quick to Judge someone based on their actions without really knowing them. While some people think celebrities are a bad influence some still think they can also have some benefits to the community. People and celebrities go through some of the same problems, the only difference is celebrities have no privacy in their ersonal lives and they are put on a higher pedestal. However, we may never know if the high pressures of society will ever change and be more open minded before judging people based on their outside appearance and mistakes. Jack Marshalls article, The Sexualization of Teen Celebrities Is Ethically Questionable, discusses young teens that idolize stars and want to be Just like them so they dress and act the same. Similarly, Julie Mehta article, Celebrity Culture Promotes Unrealistic Body Images, discusses how the younger generations want to look like celebrities and view that their bodies are not as fit or thin enough. Despite the fact that the articles bring up different questions about how we look up celebrities too much, the authors both argue celebrities are idolized too much. Marshall does this by stating, The early sexualization of TV actresses whose fans are young teens and pre-teens has a strong rippling effect across the culture, encouraging girls to go where their idols appear to be going (Marshal. This statement points out that the younger generation wants to be their idols so much that they start mocking what they do. Mehta begin her argument by saying, Perfect images of perfect celebrities are everywhere, and its nough to make anyone feel insecure or envious. (Mehta. ) The article describes the flawless images of celebrities in the media can disturb ones thought about body image and self-esteem.. She goes on to state, Seeing all those artificially perfected images can hurt your body image- the way you see and feel about your body and the way you think others see you. (Mehta. ) In summary, these articles support the argument that we compare and contrast ourselves to celebrities because we feel like that will get us closer to the glitz and glamor of their life. Another source that talks bout the pressures of society is Chris Hedgess article, Celebrity Culture is Harmful. He discusses how celebrity culture only results to self absorption and materialism. This also connects to the main point of Emily Stimsons article, Celebrity Culture Harms Teens. Their article sheds light on the obsession of celebrities and how dangerous their influence really has on the younger generation. Both articles talks about celebrities fame disturbing our society. Hedges and Stimson both talk about stars lives as only the matter about wealth, fame and dont have a touch of reality. He tates that, gossip and chatter dominate what really matters in the nation (Hedges. ) With this statement one could say he is right, people are more bound to watch television talking about the latest sandal with down spiraling celebrities than watching Fox 4 news talk about the war in Iraq. We will write a custom essay sample on Pressures of Society on Celebrities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pressures of Society on Celebrities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pressures of Society on Celebrities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Stimpson states that, American teenagers are obsessed witn celebrities and becoming tamous, which nas negative emotional and social consequences (Stimpson. ) The authors go on to fully detail what is wrong with our community and their reasons they think that celebrity culture has ruin our society. In conclusion, this research may be used to support that celebrities are idolized too much and once they make a mistake, we throw it out of proportions, and we criticize them for it. While some of the articles focus more on celebrity obsession, the other articles take into consideration that maybe it isnt their fault that they are so corrupted, but because of the pressure of being perfect that corrupts them. When will we realize that we put too much pressure of stars? How will they be able to make a mistake, when to them it feels like they are walking on eggshells? And once they make a mistake we are there to Judge them and talk down n them, because they got caught. No one is perfect, so why do we have such high standards for them to be? We yearn to be center of attention, to be noticed and admired. We build social media sites only for the sole purpose to present our image in the world. Why are willing to give up our privacy to become famous? We have become so infatuated with celebrities and their fame that we watch everything they do so we can do our best to be Just like them. Has our society become so obsessed with money and power that we have lost track on what is really important in the world? That is a better question. Works Cited Marshall, Jack. The Sexualization of Teen Celebrities Is Ethically Questionable. Is Childhood Becoming Too Sexualized. Olivia Ferguson and Hayley Mitchell Haugen. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Rpt. from The Ethics of Child Stardom, Part Two: Miley Cyrus in Vanity Fair. Ethics Scoreboard, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Mehta, Julie. Celebrity Culture Promotes Unrealistic Body Images. Celebrity Culture. Ed. Roman EspeJo. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from Pretty Unreal: Ever Wish You Could Look as Hot as Celebrities Do? Well, They Dont Look as Good as You Think. Current Health 2, a Weekly Reader Publication Can. 2005): 15(4). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. Hedges, Chris. Celebrity Culture Is Harmful. Celebrity Culture. Ed. Roman EspeJo. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from Addicted to Nonsense. Truthdig. com. 2009. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Oct. 2013 Stimpson, Emily. Celebrity Culture Harms Teens. Celebrity Culture. Ed. Fame and Misfortune: Why Teens Thirst for Celebrity in Todays Culture. Our Sunday Visitor (1 1 Jan. 2009). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.

Seal Air Corporation Essay Example

Seal Air Corporation Essay Example Seal Air Corporation Essay Seal Air Corporation Essay The management of Sealed Alarm was unable to Identify profitable acquisitions or expansion projects and simply increasing the dividend [would be] admitting defeat. Starting with the World Class Manufacturing program to improve Sealed Airs manufacturing process, Sealed Air established new priorities, such as using cash flow from operations as a major factor in managers bonuses instead of airings per share, and Sealed Air put more emphasis on employee stock ownership after the rationalization. We believe that Sealed Air made a good choice to leverage themselves to the extent that they did, and that decision benefited multiple parties. Management believed that they were not as well suited to invest the $54 million in Sealed Airs cash as their investors would be able to, thereby making those investors happy with the companys decisions. Any shareholders that kept their shares following the rationalization did not lose equity in Sealed Air, which could have happened if Sealed Alarm decided to Issue more shares. The company itself was able to stay Independent without any need for an anti-takeover device. In order to determine how much value was created from Sealed Airs decision to leverage itself, we had to figure out the present value of the interest tax shield. For the senior secured bank credit agreement of $136. 7 million, we reduced the principal by the given repayments from 1991 to 1996 and each year calculated the interest due by multiplying the 1 1. 5% by the beginning balance at the start of each year. Each interest amount for those years was multiplied by the corporate tax rate (34% for 991 and 1992 and 35% thereafter) In order to determine the present value of the tax shield, and the NP of $1 5,904,368 was determined based on those individual year values. For the subordinated bridge notes, the $170 million value was multiplied by the 12. 25% interest rate to determine the interest due. We multiplied this by a constant 35% corporate tax rate to determine the interest tax shield. Using a formula to determine the full tax shield over the 10 years of the bridge notes, this present value was found to be $41 Adding the NP and the bridge notes IV resulted n a $57,283,921 total tax shield, which represents the value that sealed Air gained by the leveraged rationalization By creating value in terms of a tax shield, Sealed Air Corporations decision to pursue this leveraging up plan coincided with World Class Manufacturing. The purpose of the WAC program was to revivalist the culture and operations of the company. In order to execute this program, however, the company had to change directions and become much more disciplined and organized in their operations. Once they were operating efficiently, they then had a structure In place hat served as the foundation for the financial discipline that was then needed to take on a large amount of debt. Termed Dumpy, the CEO of Sealed Air, believed it was necessary to change the companys priorities and incentive structure following the recap. Dumpy felt that management needed to place a greater emphasis on the importance of generating cash flow. Prior to the recap, their Incentive structure was based on earnings-per-share, which takes Into account non-cash accounting expenses. By swelling ten Touch to A, management was teen addle to Touch on cash flow from operations. Additionally, Sealed Air focused on meeting inventory, receivables, and working capital goals that required management to be more aware of cash that was tied up in these balance sheet items. Dumpy also placed a strong emphasis on employee stock ownership. He felt that this sort of profit sharing would greater align the interests of shareholders and employees, and effectively improve the overall performance of the company. After the recap, many institutional investors had sold their holdings, and were replaced by cash flow investors. On one hand, the institutional investors were more conservative. They aimed at investing in companies with consistent growth, a solid financial situation, and limited downside risk. On the other hand, the one-time special dividend eliminated pension funds that required themselves to hold dividend paying stocks. Moreover, other institutional investors who sold their shares were negative toward leverage and deficit net worth. The managers of Sealed Air should be concerned more about this situation, and focus on cash flow projections. The important new shareholders for Sealed Air became speculative wealthy private investors who were looking for significant gains n profitability. This leveraged rationalization plan required management to curb their capital expenditures per year. This situation could make it hard for a firm to stay competitive in the market but in the case of Sealed Air, the constraint imposed on capital expenditures under the bank lending agreement was good for the company, although it was difficult to achieve. Capital expenditures were restricted to a set amount from 1990 to 1995, which forced the Sealed Air to make wiser decisions to reduce capital expenditures and restructure the formal capital budgeting process. In this way, the company would generate more free cash flows, which would benefit the leveraged rationalization to some extent. We think the managers would be able to renegotiate the covenant successfully. By the end of 1989, the leveraged recap proved to be successful, putting the company a year ahead of the principal payments required by the banks. The managers could renegotiate the covenant by identifying the success of the rationalization with stronger balance sheets. Leverage rationalization is a risky business venture for any company. When evaluating several options for the use of Sealed Air Corporations cash, management did not want to sit on their $54 million. Rather, they wanted to keep company performance at a maximum. In order to do this, management decided to leverage up the company by borrowing money and paying out dividends to their shareholders. Management was confident Sealed Airs cash flows would stay constant for the foreseeable future, which is necessary for leveraged rationalization to work. Furthermore, by leveraging the company, operational improvements were made by holding management responsible for increasing the corporations cash flows. The use of leverage rationalization to change the organizational structure of the company also coincided with managements implementation of World Class Manufacturing. Although leveraged rationalization worked out well for Sealed Air Corporation, it would not be good for all companies to do. A company who participates in leveraged rationalization has to be able to maintain or increase their cash flows for the life of their debt repayment. If a company is not able to hold a steady cash flow, they will have a hard time maintaining the interest payments on their loans. A company who prates In a non-volatile environment Witt a lack AT competition Is Test salute Tort this procedure. A company whose cash flows can change as the market moves would not be well suited for this capital structure. In addition, a corporation must have a strong management core in order to maintain operational efficiency thus improving future cash flows for the company. If management shirks even a little bit, a corporation may be unable to lean out their operations as necessary. Finally, a company that needs to invest in capital expenditures in order to continue their operations would not be suited well for a leveraged rationalization plan. As seen by Sealed Air Corporations binding debt covenants, Sealed Air was only allowed to spend a certain amount per year on capital expenditures. From analyzing this case study, as well as further research on Sealed Air Corporation, it can be seen that a leveraged rationalization plan worked out well for Sealed Air. Sealed Air had all of the necessary requirements in order to make a plan like this successful. The company created value for the corporation as a whole, as well as their shareholders. Management was able to show that the corporations shares were undervalued and improved investors perception of the company in the market.

French Expressions Using Pain

French Expressions Using Pain The French word le pain literally means bread and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to say worthless, bankrupt, godsend, and more with this list of expressions with pain. Possible Meanings of Un Pain Loaf (of bread)Bar (of wax)Bar, cake (of soap)Block (of ice) Expressions with Pain Un arbre pain – Breadfruit tree Notre pain quotidien (religion) – Our daily bread Le pain et le vin (religion) – The bread and wine Pain dabeilles – Bee bread Pain dautel (religion) – Host Pain bà ©ni(t) – Consecrated bread Pain brà »là © (adjective) – Deep golden brown Pain eucharistique – Eucharist Pain grillà © – Toast Un pain de là ©gumes/poisson/etc. – Vegetable/fish/etc. loaf Une planche pain – Bread board; (informal) flat-chested woman Une tà ªte en pain de sucre – Egg-shaped head la mie de pain (informal) – Worthless, inconsistent Bon comme (du) bon pain – Good like good bread (extremely good) Long comme un jour sans pain (informal) – Interminable Pour une bouchà ©e de pain (informal) – Cheap, for a song Pour un morceau de pain (informal) – Cheap, for a son Avoir du pain sur la planche (informal) – To have a lot to do, have a lot on ones plate, have ones work cut out Avoir peur de manquer de pain – To be worried about the future Avoir son pain cuit – To be rich; to be condemned Enlever quelquun le pain de la bouche – To deprive someone Être leau et au pain sec – To be bankrupt; to be given only bread and water Être bon comme le pain – To be extremely good Faire de quelque chose son pain quotidien – To make something a habit Faire passer le goà »t du pain quelquun (informal) – To do someone in, to kill Faire perdre le goà »t du pain quelquun (informal) – To do someone in, to kill Gagner son pain – To make a living Manger son pain blanc (informal) – To be in a good situation temporarily Manger son pain noir (informal) – To be in a bad situation temporarily Manger son pain en son sac (informal) – To eat secretly / on the sly Manger un pain trempà © de larmes – To pay a lot for something Ne pas manger de ce pain-l (informal) – To avoid profiting from a sticky or illegal situation Mettre un pain quelquun (informal) – To punch/sock someone Mettre quelquun au pain sec – To punish someone by giving them only bread to eat Nul pain sans peine – No pain, no gain Ôter le goà »t du pain quelquun (informal) – To do someone in, to kill Ôter le pain de la bouche de quelquun – To deprive someone Se prendre un pain (informal) – To get punched or socked one Retirer le pain de la bouche de quelquun – To deprive someone Savoir de quel cà ´tà © son pain est beurrà © (informal) – To know what side your bread is buttered on (to be opportunistic) Tremper son pain de larmes – To be in despair Se vendre comme des petits pains (informal) – To sell very quickly, sell like hotcakes Vendre son pain avant quil ne soit cuit (informal) – To be presumptous, count ones chickens before theyre hatched Ne pas vivre que de pain – To not be materialistic Ça ne mange pas de pain. (informal) – Its not expensive, Its not important. Cest mon gagne-pain. (informal) – Its my job, Its how I make a living. Cest pain bà ©ni(t). (informal) – Its a godsend. Donnez-nous aujourdhui notre pain quotidien. – Give us this day our daily bread. Il a plus de la moitià © de son pain cuit. – He wont live long. Il pleure le pain quil mange. – Hes stingy. Il reste du pain sur la planche. – Theres still a lot to do. Il ne vaut pas le pain quil mange. (informal) – He is lazy. Je vais au pain. (informal) – Im going to get the bread. French Bread Related Expressions There are a lot of different kinds of French bread - here are some of the most common. Gros pain – Bread sold by weight Pain azyme – Unleavened bread Pain bà ©ni(t) – Consecrated bread Pain bis – Brown bread Pain de boulanger – Bakers bread Pain brià © – Hard-crusted, very dense bread from Normandy Pain de campagne – Farmhouse bread, country bread Pain chanter – Unleavened bread Pain au chocolat – Chocolate croissant Pain complet – Wholewheat / wholemeal bread Pain dorà © – French toast Pain dur – Dry bread Pain dà ©pices – Gingerbread Pain (de) fantaisie – Bread sold by piece rather than by weight Pain frais – Fresh bread Pain franà §ais (in Belgium) – Any long loaf of bread Pain de Gà ªnes – Sponge cake with almonds Pain grillà © – Toast Pain de gruau – Vienna bread Pain au lait – Sweet roll / bun Pain au levain – Traditionally leavened bread Pain long – Any long, cylindrical bread like a baguette Pain de mà ©nage – Homemade bread Pain de mie – Sandwich bread (with a thin crust) Pain mollet – Type of bread roll made with milk Pain moulà © – Bread cooked in a pan rather than directly on the oven rack Pain parisien – Long loaf of bread weighing 400 grams Pain perdu – French toast Pain polka – Bread marked with squares Pain quotidien – Everyday bread Pain aux raisins – Raisin Danish Pain rassis –Stale bread Pain de seigle –Rye bread Pain de son – Bran bread Pain de sucre – Sugar loaf Un petit pain – Bread roll

Quantitative Reasoning About Duggan's Article Essay

Quantitative Reasoning About Duggan's Article - Essay Example   Duggan et al do not comprehensively describe study design they adopted to test the stated hypothesis. The researchers do not also describe sampling method they adopted in the study. According to Lohr (2009), the success of a research in achieving study objectives depend on research design adopted. Findings of Duggan et al are, therefore, questionable. In other words, the study possibly had certain prejudices. Research biases, also known as systematic errors, distort reproducibility of a study. In particular, the study of Duggan et al was associated with selection biases and measurement biases. Selection biases occur when an unrepresentative sample is used in a study. Because sampling method is not clearly explained in the study, there is a high likelihood that a no randomized sample was used. There is a possibility of measurement bias because no clear model is used to gun-related crimes and location and time of a gun show. In addition, statistical testing procedures are not clear ly discussed.Data Analysis procedures and Ethical ConcernsTo test the hypothesis, Duggan et al computed the correlation coefficient between the rate of guns and magazines sale and gun shows. The procedure yielded a perfect strong correlation. The researchers, however, assumed a linear and direct relationship between the sale of guns or magazines and gun-related crimes. As a statistical procedure, Duggan et al arrived at a conclusion based on the outcome of correlation computations.

Marketting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Marketting - Case Study Example Finally I will portray the financial projection for 3 years and along with that few control measures will be recommended. The case argues that nowadays people from all the sectors of the industry are taking huge interests in the field of behavior and attitude. Especially industries such as health, psychology, politics, communication, human development, management, medical and even in the field of biological science have high importance of behavior and attitudes. The case also portrays the conception of behavior and attitude as the resemblance of chicken and egg paradox. Human Behavior Academy (HBA) is basically a non-profit organization based on providing training to the candidates regarding knowledge, skills, and attitude. These skills in turn help the candidates to deal with diversified behaviors and attitudes of people. The company is headquartered at Manchester, United Kingdom and has branches in countries like Singapore, Nigeria, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Taiwan. The company provides trainings in order to build up professionalism amongst the practitioners. The success factor of the organization lies in its continuous process of research and development. This facilitates the organization to offer the candidates with latest information and trends in the area of behavior and attitude. The intentions of the company are highly reflecting through their mission and vision statement. According to the vision statement the company, it epitomizes that in order to develop a healthy and unbiased society it is necessary to have sturdy mental health, predominantly to understand the thoughts of people in the context of the behavior and attitudes. While the mission statement of the company typifies of generating responsiveness towards the significance and implications of attitude and behavior, as these are the rudiments of mental health. Apart from that the company also has the

Influence of Capitalism on Current Food Regime

Influence of Capitalism on Current Food Regime Introduction The structure of Capitalism may have been existed during the first food regime and leading up to the second food regimes but implicitly refrained from exposure to the rise of nation state system. Peasant farming and agrarian system of development might be seen as a form of capitalism in the first food regime period as cultivation and farming of land are restricted to only certain localities particularly common in the European countries. For instance, Jarosz, (2009) states that agrarian form of development was only common in Europe during the mid-nineteen centuries. Towards the end of the second food regimes, the form of capitalism structure developed through rules and regulations which governed production and consumption of foods worldwide. A discursive definition of food regimes which capitalism ideology is embedded within. According to Bernstein, (2015: 3), eight element of the three food regimes were analysed and identified as the international state system, the division of labour and patterns of trade, the rules and legitimacy of different food regimes, the relationship between agriculture and industries, the technical and environmental change in farming systems and procedures, the dominant form of capital and their modalities of accumulation, social force, tension and contradiction of specific food regime and transition between food regimes. Capitalism structure has emerged perceptibly towards the third regime. This essay will outline the following two ideas as to why influence of capitalism may be a trigger to food crises experience in different parts of the world. It will begin with the discussion on the effect of the rules and regulations on world food development in relation to uneven geography, moving on to the rivalry in technology and food production particularly to safe guarding domestic markets, and then it will give a personal responses on the influence of capitalism on the current food regime and end with summary conclusion. Effects of rules and regulations on current world food development The current food regime periods is dominated by the international rules and regulation in relations to the international organizations such as World Trade Organization (WTO), World Food Program (WFP) and Food Agriculture Organization. These policies are dominated by industrialized countries who have advance technologies in producing large quantity of foods. When comparing the second food regime with the current regime (third food regime), it is evident that during that period (second food regime), rules and regulations imposed are sort of more lessen, allowing for respect for free international markets and free enterprise, also allow for easy market channel on food distribution. The governing premises during the second food regime allowed free flow of scientific and crop information, more state control system resulted in low priority for national self reliance. According to, Bernstein (2015: 10), capitalism became more visible during the third food regime which provided ground for political dynamics and arrangement in the international state system. National and international rules and regulations on food productions and distribution emerged and social movements were formed to defend their space and place in national and international markets. The effects has rippled into the current regimes and underpinned by international capitalism power of industrialized countries such as USA and UK, followed by other countries such as Japan and other developed nations and now globally. It can be said that, this is globalization. International regulations on food production and distribution were not adhered by certain countries due to high cost of production as fossil fuel price increases. This has put more pressure on developing countries who depend entirely on food products from these developed industrial countries. For instance, according to Jarosz, (2009), as the oil price increase, food price increases result in food crises. There are no clear rules and regulation to regulate free markets and trades so that food price may be control to avoid continues food crises. The rivalry of technology and food production to Safe guarding domestic markets. The ideology of competing in food production technology also restricted free flow of scientific information sharing and result in the retrenchment of the production of food. The accumulation of capitalism during the third regime and continue to increase today has prodded the trigger for more protection of domestic markets, and restriction on the flow of information on the production technology is seen as a priority for powerful countries. Jarosz (2009), pointed out that during this period, more emphasizes is put on technology to increase the application of synthetic fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides to enhance water management and plant breeding aimed at increased yields. The accumulation of competition in the production of foods and other goods and trades in the world market between industrialized countries has seen as an ignorance to stabilise food distributions to unprivileged parts of the world, particularly the Global South countries. The rivalry in production technology was affected by a more recent regime embedded within the third regime, a green environmental regime (green revolution) ideology bulged as pressure from the climate, financial and fuel crises accumulated through social movements. Social movements were formed and underpinned by countries who are affected by climate change crises mainly the third world or developing countries that continued to push for reduction on fossil fuel consumption. Even though measures were taken to addresses food distributions through establishment of institutions such as World Food Program (WFP) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and climate change issues addressed through earth summits, food cris es still remain a dilemma for developing countries. Personal Responses on the Influence of capitalism on current food crises. I will give my personal view on influences of capitalism on current food regimes (environmental regimes). The trend in the governance of different food regimes has shifted very rapidly as economic power base of industrialized countries accumulated due to increase population growth. During decolonization periods, the rise of state- system may have triggered farmers to hold on to their farms, a capitalism paradigm. Capitalism system started to emerge imperceptibly during the second food regime, due to free international market and free enterprise, and free flow of scientific and crop information. This scenario of free markets and information has foretold the future of food distribution and consumption of industrialized countries to be more aware of their domestic markets for local consumptions. Protection of niche market of products became a priority and allowing surplus of food products to be forced into international markets. The ownership of the means of food production particularly, has explicitly spread worldwide and the rules and regulations governing the means of production has become a barricade for free market and trades. I see this as a counter reserved to food distributions compared to the second food regime periods. The international and national policies on food trades are becoming more complicated as private individual and corporations competed to safe guard their space in the international market domain for profitable return on their products. Furthermore, looking at developing world, capitalism system has imprinted a more essence of division between the rich and the poor, in terms of food productions and consumption rate. If the state systems of developing countries do not function properly in terms of safe guarding its people from the influence of capitalism, this triggered food crises as recently experienced in Venezuela and Yemen. Conclusion (summary) In conclusion, capitalism system has change the way humans occupied space and places. Monetary ideology is dominating how people behaviour from individual to international corporations. The governance power based on strict rules and regulations developed through each food regimes has shifted the state -system of unification which knowledge, skills and free market are shaded to a more imperceptible one which are more restricted. For example, policy to set tariffs and restriction in order to protect domestic industries in powerful countries (Jarosz, 2009). This essay has discussed two features of capitalism, namely the governance (rules and regulations) during food regimes periods and the protectionism of production technology in International Food Corporation dominated by powerful countries which leads to rivalry or competition in technology on production. It is argued that rules and regulations set by industrialized countries or international organizations in order to control food productions and prices has adversely impacted the way food is distributed and accessibility to the developing world. Food crisis continued to hit parts of the world such as the current food crisis in Venezuela and Yemen. Protectionism of production technology by industrial countries does not allow for free flow of information limiting knowledge and skill transfers to other countries. Competition in producing goods and services has resulted in more competitive markets and increase in prices of goods. For smaller island nations or developing countries to compete in international markets with big players such as USA, UK, Japan and other industrialized countries is beyond their capacities in terms of resources. References Bernstein, H. (2015). Food Regimes and Food Regime Analysis: A Selective Survey. Campbell, H., Evans, D., Murcott, A. (2017). Measurability, austerity and edibility: Introducing waste into food regime theory. Journal of Rural Studies, 51, 168-177. Friedmann, H. (1993). The political economy of food: a global crisis. New left review, (197), 29. Friedmann, H. (2005). From colonialism to green capitalism: Social movements and emergence of food regimes. In New directions in the sociology of global development (pp. 227-264). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Holt Gimà ©nez, E., Shattuck, A. (2011). Food crises, food regimes and food movements: rumblings of reform or tides of transformation? The Journal of peasant studies, 38(1), 109-144.

Investigation of Sorrel in Epping Forest

Aim: The purpose of this coursework was to investigate the impact visitors have had on the growth of sorrel on Pillow Mound in Epping Forest and to find out whether soil compression has an effect on the height of the plant sorrel. Hypothesis: There will be a significant difference in the height of sorrel if soil compaction is great. The greater the soil compaction is, the more it restricts sorrel growth. Null Hypothesis: Read this  Respiratory Activity There is no significant correlation between soil compaction and the height of the sorrel plant, any correlation established is due to chance. Scientific knowledge: The soil has fewer spaces that contain air and water needed for plant growth, is less permeable, can store less soil water and is harder for roots to penetrate. In their virgin state, soils can be productive and characterised by excellent physical condition. They allow rapid movement of air and water through the soil, providing an ideal environment for maximum root growth. However, soils are fragile and easily restructured, especially during cropping. Compaction is an example of this restructuring. If compacted badly enough, a soil does not provide adequate space for root growth and soil animal activity, or allow for rapid movement of air and water. In severe cases, roots are unable to penetrate into deeper soil layers, tending to grow along the top of the pan. The best way for water and air to move through the soil is in large pores created by decaying plant roots or soil insects and earthworms this creates a humus layer on the top of the soil which has many nutrients the sorrel can take up. The eventual death and decay of these organisms adds to the humus layer making the soil more favourable to sorrel plant roots allowing the plant to grow and flower. Water plays a major role in plant growth. Plants synthesise carbohydrates from Carbon Dioxide and Water. Water donates + ions to the cell, which are subsequently used in pathways to generate energy in the form of ATP. In non-cyclic phosphorylation water molecules are split to provide reducing power to make carbohydrates. Water is also an important transport medium delivering dissolved minerals that are essential for plant growth to all parts of the plant via the xylem. Water is a product in aerobic respiration. Respiration is the process of metabolizing (burning) sugars to yield energy for growth, reproduction, and other life processes. In a plentiful supply of air glucose and oxygen combine to form water and carbon dioxide and most vitally energy in the form of ATP. Water also maintains the turgor pressure in giving the non-woody plant parts form. Turgidity is important so the plant can remain stiff and upright and gain a competitive advantage when it comes to light. Turgidity is also important for the functioning of the guard cells, which surround the stomata and regulate water loss and carbon dioxide uptake. Turgidity also is the force that pushes roots through the soil. Variables: Independent: Soil compaction tested every 3m for 28 m along 4 line transects to see how soil compaction affects plant growth. Soil compaction tested with use of penetrometer. Dependent: Height of the plant sorrel on each line transect created every 3m up to 28m at the site Pillow Mound in Epping Forest. Sorrel height tested using a ruler and the sorrel closest to the line transect was used. Control Variables: The variables that remain unchanged or held constant to prevent its effects on the outcome and therefore may verify the behaviour of and the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The variables tested for in my investigation must be the same in order for me to establish a reliable correlation between soil compaction and the height of the sorrel plant. Light Intensity Light energy (sunlight) is the primary source of energy in nearly all ecosystems. It is the energy that is used by green plants (which contain chlorophyll) during the process of photosynthesis; a process during which plants manufacture organic substances by combining inorganic substances. Visible light is of the greatest importance to plants because it is necessary for photosynthesis. Factors such as quality of light, intensity of light and the length of the light period (day length) play an important part in an ecosystem. Light directly or indirectly affects the life activities. For the photosynthetic activity of green plants light is essential. Growth, germination, flowering and other functions of plant are controlled by photoperiodism and different light rays. The higher the light intensity, the larger the height of the plant of sorrel. A light meter was used to gather light intensity readings. It gives an accurate lux value. The sensor is placed facing upwards and a value s given . For each line transect light intensity has to be very similar to ensure our variables remain the same so we gather reliable data. I set out each transect away from trees which created shadows and so this ensured that light intensity remained constant throughout each line transect. pH of Soil The pH level of the surrounding soil can have extreme results on the growth rate and overall health of a plant. The pH is technically defined as the negative base ten logarithm of the effective hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per litre. It is measured on a scale of 1-14, with each reading being shown as an acid, base, or a neutral solution. If the measurement is less than 7, it is considered an acid. The plant sorrel grows best in the acidic pH conditions of 5.5 – 6.8. The pH of the soil for each line transect created must be the same for the whole 28 m length tested for each. Variation in my pH results limits the validity of my data as it influences the height of sorrel. pH influences availability of certain nutrients such as phosphate availability which is low on acid soils. Soil samples are taken from each transect at 1m 13m and 28m. Back in the laboratory barium sulphate and indicator solution are added to the samples and ph is worked out. Soil Temperature Soil temperature plays an important role in many processes, which take place in the soil such as chemical reactions and biological interactions. Soil temperature varies in response to exchange processes that take place primarily through the soil surface. These effects are propagated into the soil profile by transport processes and are influenced by such things as the specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Soil temperature affects water and nutrient uptake. Biological enzymes work best at certain temperatures, if enzyme optimum temperature is exceeded or not reached this could limit the rate to which the enzyme is working limiting the growth and in turn the height of the plant sorrel. Soil temperature has a major effect on the breakdown or decomposition of soil organic matter. This organic component of the soil system is a major reservoir for phosphorus, sulphur, and nitrogen. Approximately 90% of the total amount of sulphur in soil is found in the organic matter. So, if decomposition is slowed, the ready availability of some nutrients necessary for crop growth can be restricted early in the growing season restricting plant growth.† Soil temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) readings are to be taken with the use of a soil thermometer and then recorded on a table. Preliminary Investigation A day before my data collection, I visited Plain Mounds and gathered some preliminary data. My preliminary data was carried out to help me find the sites that should be tested and the distance of each line transect. Initially before preliminary data a 37m line transect was chosen, however, once I experienced the site a 28 m distance was most appropriate as there is no significant variation after the 28m in sorrel height; therefore it would be pointless and time consuming to carry it over a larger distance. Preliminary Investigation Method: 1. A line transect created over a distance of 28m. 2. Tape measure placed flat along the ground vertically. Stretch tape to cover 28m in a straight line along site investigated. 3. Data readings for soil temperature, light intensity, soil pH, soil compression and sorrel height at 1m, 13m and 28m. 4. Soil compaction measurements taken using a penetrometer My readings were taken 1cm at a 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ angle at each interval to the left of the line transect. The scale was set to 0 by moving the ring to the handle, the spike was then pushed vertically into the ground until the indention is level with the surface of the soil. The handle was released and then the results were read off the scale on the side of the penetrometer. 5. The soil thermometer was placed at a 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ angle 2 cm away to the left of the line transect at every interval. 6. Place a 1m long ruler across the line transect at a 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ angle this way I can work out which sorrel plant is closest to the line transect. Once this was worked out, a 30cm ruler was used to measure the sorrel height in its natural position. 7. Light meter measures the light intensity. Place the sensor at a 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ angle next to line transect where the sorrel plant is growing. Value in lux read off the scale. 8. Use auger to gain 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ sample at the 3 intervals. Twist auger in a clockwise direction whilst pushing down; the soil sample taken must be then placed into soil bags and taken to the lab for further testing of pH. 9. Record data on pre prepared table. 10. In lab to work out pH of soil: 11. 1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of each soil sample was placed into separate test tubes. 1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of distilled water was added to each test tube. After distilled water added, 1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Barium Sulphate was added to each test tube. Finally indicator was added to each test tube and pH was tested and found out by comparing to a pH scale. A systematic stratified approach was decided as my ideal sampling technique. Systematic sampling is when samples are taken at fixed intervals, usually along a line. This normally involves doing transects, where a sampling line is set up across areas where there are clear environmental gradients. Systematic sampling is my chosen method of sampling for my investigation as I am investigating the changes of plant species as you move along a gradient. Stratified sampling was used as we were comparing 4 different subdivisions within Plain Mounds. Systematic Stratified is the combination of these 2 sampling techniques; it's my preferred sampling technique as it avoids bias and for each sample collected the same approach is followed. this now seemed unnecessary due to little variation after 28m. The start point of the line transect was set to where variation in ground begins. Apparatus: Penetrometer Measures the compaction of the soil. Measures in Kg/cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Simple and easy to use. Data can be gathered very quickly. Light Meter Used to measured light intensity every 3 metres along each line transect for 28 m. Measured in Lux Gives an accurate Lux value, instrument easy to use and data can be gathered easily Auger Barium Sulphate Soil bags Test tube Spatula pH scale Auger used to get 3 soil samples one sample at 1m the others at 13m and 28m. Soil sample needed so pH of soil could be identified once barium sulphate distilled water and indicator were added to each sample. Sample placed in soil bags. Soil sample placed in individual test tube using spatula and barium sulphate and indicator solution added. A soil pH meter would have been convenience wise much easier to achieve the data, however, adding the barium sulphate to the soil samples taken has ensured my data reliability. Primary data as I have gathered my results here without help of an instrument. Tape measure Used to create line transect. Line transect 28m long. 28m length chosen as after the 28m there is no change in variation of sorrel height, therefore anything more than a line transect of over 28m is irrelevant Soil Thermometer Used to measure soil temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Easy and quick. A mercury thermometer effectively. An electronic instrument could be more reliable as human error won't come into it in reading the results 30 cm ruler Used to measure sorrel height Easy and simple to measure plant height 1m ruler Used every 3m to go at a 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ angle across every 3m to find the closest sorrel plant to the line transect 30cm in some cases not long enough, however 1m long ruler the right size Method: 1. Create a line transect, open up tape measure up to 28m. 2. Place tape measure flat along the ground vertically. Stretch tape measure to cover 28m in straight line along site that we are investigating. 3. Take data readings for soil temperature, light intensity, soil compression and sorrel height at 1m, 4m, 7m, 10m, 13m, 16m, 19m, 22m, 25m, and 28m. 4. Soil compaction measurements taken using a penetrometer which measures the force needed to push the spike into the ground. My readings were taken 1cm at a 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ angle at each interval to the left of the line transect. The scale was set to 0 by moving the ring to the handle, the spike was then pushed vertically into the ground until the indention is level with the surface of the soil. The handle was released and then the results were read off the scale on the side of the penetrometer. 5. The soil thermometer was placed at a 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ angle 2 cm away to the left of the line transect at every interval. 6. Along the line transect at each interval a metre long ruler is placed across the line transect at a 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ angle this way I can work out which sorrel plant is closest to the line transect. Once this was worked out, a 30cm ruler was used to measure the sorrel height in its natural position. 7. Light meter measures the light intensity. Place the sensor at a 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ angle next to line transect where the sorrel plant is growing. Value in lux read off the scale. Move away from sensor so your shadow doesn't affect lux value. 8. Take soil samples at 1m, 13m and 28m to calculate soil pH. Use auger to gain 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ sample at the 3 intervals. Twist auger in a clockwise direction whilst pushing down; the soil sample taken must be then placed into soil bags and taken to the lab for further testing of pH. 9. Record data on pre prepared table. 10. In lab to work out pH of soil: * 1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of each soil sample was placed into separate test tubes. 1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of distilled water was added to each test tube. After distilled water added, 1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Barium Sulphate was added to each test tube. Finally indicator was added to each test tube and pH was tested and found out by comparing to a pH scale. 3pH readings gained at each of the 4 sites. 11. Repeat the steps for the 4 subdivisions within Pillow Mound. Risk Assessment: Risk is the probability of harm actually taking place. A hazard exists where situation has a built-in ability to cause an adverse effect. At the site Pillow Mound in Epping Forest, a few risks were associated with my investigation. 1. 8 pieces of equipment needed to be carried with me to the site to help with this and limit the risk of me tripping up with all the equipment in my hand, a tray was used to place all the equipment needed for the investigation. 2. The sites surface was very uneven at all the areas that were tested within plain mounds. To control the hazard I had no other option but to take my time with walking across the field. Taking my time and making sure I was looking where I was stepping ensured this hazard was avoided. 3. Slippery surfaces and deep muddy areas were also an issue to avoid this specific hazard wellington boots were worn. Strong boots may prevent twisting of ankle. 4. Gathering pH samples with the auger meant there was a risk of causing injury to my wrists, to help with the turning of the into the ground another auger was placed in the top of the one in the ground making it easier to rotate the auger by creating a handle. 5. When testing soil pH samples, gloves had to be worn to avoid contact with the barium sulphate. Safety goggles and lab coats also used to protect the eyes and the skin. 6. After the soil pH has been tested the remaining soil is then placed into a compost bin. Analysis: The scatter graph shown in figure 1.1 shows how soil compression affected the growth of sorrel. The data inputted into this graph was averages of the data collected for soil compression (Kg) and sorrel height (cm) from the 4 subdivisions investigated and tested at Pillow Mound. The graph shows a clear negative correlation between soil compression and sorrel height. As soil compression increases it is evident that sorrel height decreases. The largest sorrel growth on average was 0.0975 cm and this was with a soil compression of 1.575 kg, my lowest sorrel growth recorded from my results was 0.0011cm with a soil compression of 3.6 kg. As sorrel height isn't constantly decreasing with increasing soil compaction it was appropriate to further my understanding and calculate how strong the relationship between my independent variable, soil compaction and dependent variable sorrel height was. This would also help me establish whether the data was causational or correlational. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is a non-parametric measure of statistical dependence between two variables. It assesses how well the relationship between two variables can be described. It makes no assumption about data distribution. The value for rs is between +1 and -1, where +1 indicates a strong positive correlation, -1 indicates a strong negative correlation and 0 indicates no correlation at all. The data gathered at all 4 sites indicates a strong negative correlation between soil compression and the height of sorrel. The rs value gathered for my averages was -0.89 and this is greater than the critical value for 10 data sets at the 99% significance level. Therefore we can be 99% sure that soil compression restricts sorrel height and I can subsequently reject my null hypothesis establishing that causational relationship between the 2 variables is present. Conclusion: The purpose of this coursework was to find out about the impact which visitors have had on Epping Forest and how the subsequent soil compaction affects sorrel growth. Epping Forest has recreational, aesthetic and educational values, so is a perfect place for visitors. Considerable damage has probably been caused to the environment due to the large number of visitors. Soil compaction at Pillow Mound was relatively high probably due to human interference. Figure 1.0 showing the averages shows us that at 1m, the mean soil compression was 4.175 Kg whilst at 28m the mean soil compression was 1.575 Kg. Figure 0.9 also shows that at 1m at Site 4 soil compression exceeded 4.5 Kg. Management of the site is being introduced with the building of car parks, an information centre, and even a ditch next to the car park to stop the cars getting onto the grass. Epping Forest is one of a number of open spaces around London owned and managed by the City of London as part of its commitment to sustaining a world class city and for the conservation of wildlife and historic landscape. The investigation of how soil compaction affects the height of the plant Sorrel was gratifying as a correlation between soil compaction and Sorrel growth was determined. A slight flaw which may have had an impact on my results was the fact average light intensity increased slightly with increasing distance along the tape measure. At 1m light intensity was at 1894.25 Lux, at 28m this had increased to 1900.25 Lux with the Lux value fluctuating over the 28m distance. Although the differences in light intensities are little, my results are limited slightly as light intensity affects plant growth. The higher the light intensity the higher the plant growth. Light plays a major role in photosynthesis which is a 2 stage process involving the light dependent stage and light independent stage which could continue in the dark. When a photon of light hits a chlorophyll molecule the energy is transferred to the electrons of that molecule. The electrons are excited and raised to higher energy leve ls. If an electron is raised sufficiently it is picked up by an electron acceptor and results into ATP production via cyclic and non-cyclic phosphorylation. ATP is formed supplying the energy needed for synthesis of carbohydrates and the electron is passed along Electron Transport Chain (ETC). The differences in Lux are relatively minuscule along the line transects and so it is not sufficient enough to make my results invalid. Data collection was carried out in the morning before the sun had fully risen, as time passed and data was collected at each interval the sun carried on rising thus explaining the small differences in light intensity. In hindsight data collection should have happened at each interval at each of the 4 sites simultaneously, however, this was not viable as there were not enough people available to assist with data collection. My hypothesis that the greater the soil compaction, the lower the height of the Sorrel plant, has proved to be correct. This is due to the fact that soil compaction doesn't provide adequate space for the roots of the sorrel plant, which subsequently means that the plant cannot get enough nutrients, water and minerals from the soil which are needed for optimum growth. By using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient this was worked out and we are 99% certain that a negative correlation exists between the 2 variables. 4 different sites were tested at Pillow Mound in Epping Forest, and my Spearman's rank correlations for each site indicated a strong negative correlation. To back up my hypothesis even further my preliminary data indicate a negative correlation between Sorrel height and soil compaction. 10 samples were collected along each transect so we could get an RS value for spearman's rank that was 99% reliable and not down to chance. Evaluation My investigation was highly edifying and although I came to the conclusion that there is a 99% chance that soil compaction affects sorrel height proving my hypothesis correct, in hindsight I would make a few crucial amendments to my method and investigation so next time I carry out the investigation I will have an even higher level of confidence in my results. The 4 subdivisions at Pillow Mound were investigated to gain a general overview of the site. By testing one site, we are limiting our data as our results may only be conclusive for that part of Plain mounds. When collecting data light intensity values varied as the values could not be all taken at the same time. To avoid this more people could help with the fieldwork and we could simultaneously gain figures for light intensity at the same time. To do this more light meters would have to be provided. Time constraints were also a major issue. We were given around 3 hours to collect our fieldwork from 4 different sub divisions within Pillow Mound. Without time constraints there would be less pressure to complete the fieldwork within a specific time leaving us enough time to gather data with each instrument. Ideally a longitudinal study would be most ideal as the patterns established from the data was from only 1 day in the whole calendar year. Throughout the year, sorrel height will vary. The day my data was collected may not depict an average day in Epping Forest and so my data is invalid. A longitudinal study is ideal so we can collect data over the year and see how sorrel height varies. To increase data reliability we could collect data for soil compaction and sorrel height every 3 months at the same 4 subdivisions and see if there is any significant correlation. The weather would also have an effect on sorrel height; if it rains soil will be more compact and soil infiltration would not occur as rapidly. This in turn could affect seed germination as roots cannot penetrate lower soil layers. I expect plant height to be higher in the spring as spring provides optimum temperatures for seed germination, aswell as the fact that it doesn't rain as much during spring as it does winter, so soil will not become drenched allowing the roots to penetrate the soil greater and greater foundations allows a better uptake of minerals and greater sorrel growth. The most helpful modification would be to carry out this investigation on a different site within Epping Forest; this could show a clear contrast to how sorrel height varies with soil compaction. The data gathered in this study could only be relevant for Pillow Mound, so broadening our study to more than 1 site could further enhance data validity and reliability. Further investigations possibly using 2 paths at each subdivision could further validate data. As a pH probe was not available at the field centre, to measure pH of the soil we had to add a spatula full of barium sulphate as well as 1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of distilled water to 1 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of each soil sample in separate test tubes. The amount of barium sulphate added or the amount of soil sample added to each test tube would affect pH and so our pH values could vary due to human error and the variable wasn't of constant of using the same formula each time. A pH probe would eliminate human error and the same procedure could have been kept throughout and been kept constant.